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Gallery of the NationsThe NetherlandsThe Netherlands, as a nation, did not come into existence until 1579 when the Union of Utrecht -- an anti-Spanish alliance of northern and some southern territories -- was formed. Before this time the inhabitants of the area -- Germanic and Celtic tribes, had no particular allegiances. Different rulers lay claim to the area. Julius Caesar conquered the area for Rome in the 1 century BC. Roman power over the region waned around 300 and other rulers began to lay their claim. By 800 the Netherlands was under the rule of Charlemagne. To withstand invaders and protect commercial interests, the inhabitants of the region began to form stronger polities beginning from the 12th century. By 1519 the Netherlands were under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg. The oppressive rule of the succeeding Spanish ruler Philip II resulted in revolt in Netherlands in 1566, led by William of Orange. The war lasted till 1648 when the Spanish signed the Treaty of Munster establishing the sovereignty of the Dutch republic.In 1806 French Emperor Napoleon turned the Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of Holland. He made it part of the French Empire in 1810. After the fall of Napoleon Belgium was made part of the Kingdom in 1815. The Belgians revolted and in 1839 they were finally separated from the Dutch. The country was neutral during the First World War, 1914 to 1918. It also declared its neutrality during the Second World War, but it was still occupied by Germany and suffered serious Allied bombardments. In 1980 Princess Beatrix succeeded to the throne on the abdication of her mother, Queen Juliana. The Dutch celebrate the Queen's birthday as their national day. |
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